Project Management Essays

Undertaking Management Essays Undertaking Management Essay Undertaking Management Essay Name: Course: Teacher: Date: The record is important for building up a typical comprehension among venture partners with respect to the extent of the task. The undertaking degree report for the most part contains the accompanying areas: 1. Client necessities characterize the utilitarian or execution particulars for the project’s final result and other task expectations. 2. Proclamation of Work (SOW) characterizes the significant errands or work components that should be performed to achieve the work that should be done and produce all the venture expectations. . Expectations are the items or yields that the undertaking group or temporary worker will create and give to the client during and toward the culmination of the exhibition of the venture. Albeit major or key expectations might be expressed in the venture sanction or solicitation for proposition, they should be developed in more noteworthy detail in the task scope record. 4. Acknowledgment measures for all task expectations must be depicted in more prominent detail than what is expressed in the venture contract or solicitation for proposition. For every deliverable, the quantitative measures or references to particulars, guidelines, or codes that will be utilized ought to be expressed, as the standards will be the reason for the client concurring that a deliverable is worthy. 5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The significant work components characterized in the announcement of work segment alongside the definite rundown of expectations give the premise to making a work breakdown structure, which is a various leveled deterioration of the venture work scope into work bundles that produce the task expectations. The venture scope archive is significant for setting up a typical comprehension among venture partners with respect to the extent of the task. It is essential to archive the nitty gritty necessities in the venture scope record so as to set up an unmistakable comprehension with the support or client. Work Breakdown Structure End of Class Evaluation Task AssignedDiscussion Questions LettersassignmentsQuizzesExams Team WorkTeam pioneer Team individuals 1-2-Team pioneer Team individuals 1-2-Team pioneer Team individuals 1-2-Team pioneer Team individuals 1-2-Team pioneer Team individuals 1-2-CharterEvaluation Contribution Value addedGrammar Run outs valueTiming Expectation solutionsTiming Expectation solutionsTiming Expectation arrangement S C O P eCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequencyCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and recurrence Enhancement structureCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality Correction Time outline Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and recurrence Correction Time outline Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and recurrence Correction Time outline CostTask alloted on hourly basesTask relegated on hourly bases Errand appointed on hourly basesTask doled out on hourly basesTask alloted on hourly bases Time frameWeek 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8 The Project Charter; The Project Charter Example is utilized by the patron of a task to report another venture and to exhibit that administration is on the side of this undertaking. The Project Charter Example gives the blueprint to another undertaking and provides the board a feeling of guidance for the venture from start to finish. This model is downloadable and adjustable for your particular use. Venture scope; Project degree is the piece of undertaking arranging that includes deciding and archiving a rundown of explicit undertaking objectives, expectations, errands, expenses and cutoff times. The documentation of an undertakings scope, which is known as a degree explanation, terms of reference or proclamation of work, clarifies the limits of the task, sets up obligations regarding each colleague and sets up techniques for how finished work will be checked and endorsed. During the venture, this documentation enables the undertaking to group stay concentrated and on task. The extension articulation likewise gives the venture group rules for settling on choices about change demands during the undertaking. Task Charter: Acknowledges the presence of a venture Scope Statement: Defines where the significant targets and what the undertaking expectations Differences between these two reports: Project Charter: Official record made and endorsed by key partners, after task thought has been distinguished Developed by the corporate official or support Defines the obligations and limits of the venture supervisor and the undertaking Scope Statement: After the venture contract is affirmed, the venture director can continue with propelling group building exercises and characterizing the extent of the venture Document that formalizes references the extent of everything that the undertaking must create that is utilized for future dynamic Developed by the task administrator with his/her task colleagues Acts as a reaction to the Sponsor/Project Charter Project arranging; 1. create plans with important individuals to accomplish the activities objectives; 2. separate work into errands and decide handover systems; 3. dentify connections and conditions, and calendar to accomplish expectations; 4. gauge and cost the human and physical assets required, and make arrangements to acquire the essential assets; 5. dispense jobs with away from of obligation and responsibility; 6. designate undertakings that are practical and impartial and suit different outstanding tasks at hand; 7. Set up suitable and concurred meeting plans, just as revealing, control and specialized techniques. Task scope; The Project Scope relates to the work important to convey an item. Necessities and expectations characterize the task extension, and it is important that the partner is in concurrence with the data talked about in the proposed arrangement. Development of a WBS; Identifying the fundamental expectations of a task is the beginning stage for determining a work breakdown structure. This significant advance is typically done by the task directors and the topic specialists (SMEs) associated with the undertaking. When this progression is finished, the topic specialists begin separating the significant level undertakings into littler pieces of work. During the time spent separating the errands, one can separate them into various degrees of detail. One can detail a significant level errand into ten sub assignments while another can detail a similar elevated level undertaking into 20 sub assignments. Along these lines, there is no rigid guideline on how you should breakdown an errand in WBS. Or maybe, the level breakdown involves the venture type and the administration style followed for the task. When all is said in done, there are a couple of rules utilized for deciding the littlest undertaking piece. In about fourteen days rule, nothing is separated littler than about fourteen days work of work. This implies, the littlest errand of the WBS is in any event fourteen day long. 8/80 is another standard utilized while making a WBS. This standard infers that no errand ought to be littler than 8 hours of work and ought not be bigger than 80 hours of work. One can utilize numerous structures to show their WBS. Some utilization tree structure to delineate the WBS, while others use records and tables. Sketching out is probably the most straightforward methods of speaking to a WBS. The correct blend of arranging, checking, and controlling can have the effect in finishing an undertaking on schedule, on financial plan, and with great outcomes. These rules will assist you with arranging the work and work the arrangement. Given the high pace of task disappointments, you may believe that organizations would be glad to simply have their venture get done with some level of accomplishment. That’s not the situation. Regardless of the chances, associations anticipate that tasks should be finished quicker, less expensive, and better. The main way that these destinations can be met is using successful venture the board procedures and methods. This rundown traces the significant periods of dealing with an undertaking and examines key strides for every one. Note: This article is additionally accessible as a PDF download. Arranging 1: Plan the work by using a task definition record Project outline Objectives Scope Assumptions and dangers Approach Organization: Show the noteworthy jobs on the undertaking. Mark page: Ask the support and key partners to favor this record, meaning that they concede to what is arranged. Introductory exertion, cost, and length appraises: These should begin as best-surmise gauges and afterward be modified, if important, when the work plan is finished. 2: Create an arranging skyline After the venture definition has been readied, the work plan can be made. The work plan gives the bit by bit guidelines for building venture expectations and dealing with the undertaking. 3: Define venture the board techniques in advance 4: Manage the work plan and screen the calendar and spending plan Once the undertaking has been arranged adequately, execution of the work can start. Audit the work plan all the time to decide how you are advancing as far as calendar and spending plan. Distinguish exercises that have been finished during the past timespan and update the work intend to show they are done. Decide if there are whatever other exercises that ought to be finished yet have not been. Screen the financial plan. 5: Look for notice signs Look for signs that the undertaking might be in a difficult situation. These could incorporate the accompanying: A little change in timetable or spending begins to get greater, particularly from the get-go in the task. There is a propensity to figure you can make it up, yet this is an admonition. In the event that the inclinations are not remedied rapidly, the effect will be unrecoverable. You find that exercises you think have just been finished are as yet being chipped away at. For instance, clients whom you think have been relocated to another stage are still not. You have to depend on unscheduled additional time t

Scarlet Letter Evaluation Essays - English-language Films

Red Letter Evaluation From unwed parenthood to sex and infidelity, huge numbers of the ethical issues and marks of shame of Puritan culture are as yet being managed today. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is compelled to wear an enormous, red An on her chest when she is seen as liable of infidelity and won't name the dad of her ill-conceived youngster. This book investigates the contentions between private truth and open appearances, and the decision among transgression and salvation. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Red Letter is as relevant today as it was in the nineteenth century. Hawthorne shows us an individual who is excluded by her locale, yet still ready to add to it. Hester Prynne is a momentous individual who can survive any deterrent in her way, including the way that she submitted a ghastly evildoing against her closely knit town. Hester is image of expectation and assurance that ought to be viewed as a good example in the present current society. The way that Hester can triumph over her separating society appears the peruser that in even the most deplorable circumstance assurance will win. This exemplary ought to be perused by anybody examining American writing or the individuals who just wish to get a brief look at our nation's past. The intricacy of this book will challenge even the most exceptional perusers, and leave the individuals who can all things considered comprehend Hawthorne's intricate style of composing with an inclination as on the off chance that they had quite recently gone back in time.

The Bombmaker

This was the piece of the activity that he detested, planting the bomb; anything could turn out badly. He checked his watch, 10:20, ‘good' he figured the train wasn't expected for 20 minutes. He was putting the blue hold-all with the bomb in inside the passage. It was set to go in a short time. At the point when he put it down he ran back to the vehicle, his requests were to plant the bomb and ensure it went off with out a hitch. The bomb was intended to upset just not to slaughter or mangle. He looked to the passage and to his shock he saw three younger students going to pickup the sack and set off the bomb. He leaped out of his vehicle and rushed to the passage as quick as he could yelling â€Å"DON'T TOUCH THAT BAG.† It was past the point of no return. That was five years ago†¦ Andrea has constantly reprimanded her self for the mishap. After that she left the IRA. They beseeched her not to leave, extraordinary branch implored her not to leave, however she was unyielding she would not like to make bombs any more. Present day It was 10:30 in Tokyo. Michael was en route to Tokyo tower for a gathering with the groups of three. He concluded that in the event that he at any point escaped this one alive he would go totally genuine. At the point when he arrived he was searched to ensure he was not wearing a wire. He was spotless. â€Å"Well Michael we need a favour† said one of the sets of three â€Å"we need a structure to be devastated for the protection we hear you realize somebody to do it.†(Michael is ex-IRA) â€Å"Yea I KNEW somebody however I have lost contact with them† answered Michael â€Å"All you need to do is give us the location and we will get back in contact with them† said another set of three. â€Å"Here is an image of the structure to be destroyed† It was an office square implicit the 70's. The structure looked as though it was going to fall all alone. In the interim 10,000 miles away in Southeast London Andrea Hayes was taking care of her 7-year-old little girl Sam. â€Å"Its about time she hit the sack, she has school in the morning† â€Å"Yea what's on TV tonight† â€Å"Just a natural life documentary† â€Å"Ok† While they were talking they didn't hear individuals slowing down in the indirect access strolling up the steps to their little girls room. One of them staggers â€Å"Quiet† the lady murmured â€Å"all we have to do is get the child and get out† So they crawled cautiously to the room got the young lady and escaped the house without Andy or Jack hearing them. Andy woke up the following morning and went to get Sam up for school. At the point when she got to her room she found a portable with a post-it note on with her code name from the IRA and a telephone number on. She left Jack in bed and went out back to call the number. â€Å"WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH MY DAUGHTER?† yelled Andrea â€Å"Calm down Andy your little girl will be fine as long as you do as we say.† â€Å"Ok† said Andrea more quiet than before â€Å"what do you need me to do.† What adhered to were a few directions to go to London and look out for Baker Street for an earthy colored portage travel. Not long before she left for London she left a note for jack instructing him to contact Frank Carter of extraordinary branch and let him know ‘they have Brian' At the point when she got to London she leased a lodging to remain in till the pickup. Since the inn was a short stroll to Baker Street she was just sitting tight for 30 seconds before she packaged in to a van. â€Å"Who are you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ just as she was thumped oblivious Around 3 hours later†¦ â€Å"W†¦w†¦where am I† asked Andrea sleepily â€Å"You are in a house.† answered voice â€Å"wh†¦who are you† asked Andrea â€Å"You can call me Lisa† answered the Lisa â€Å"and what you will doing is building a 2000 pound compost bomb† â€Å"WHAT† shouted Andrea â€Å"YOU WANT ME TO DO WHAT† â€Å"yes we realize it sounds somewhat enormous, yet we figure you can pull it off† â€Å"Ill need assistance, and materials do I get them† enquired Andrea â€Å"of course you do, simply review a shopping rundown and sick send these two to get it all† Lisa said highlighting two major tough men called grappler and fighter. So she set to work assembling the bomb While this was going on 300 miles away at home†¦ Lift was simply waking seeing the he leaped up and ran down the stairs to check whether Sam had gone to class when he saw the note. It said ‘Jack call exceptional branch and request Frank Carter and state they have ‘Brian.' Who was ‘Brian' what did she have to do with exceptional branch. While this was going through his mind one unavoidable issue was the place is Andy and where is Sam. He in a split second snatched the telephone and called the police to break through to uncommon branch. â€Å"Frank Carter doesn't work for exceptional branch any more,† said the administrator. â€Å"Well then might you be able to call him and state they have Brian† (A clicking sound) â€Å"What do you think about ‘Brian?'† said another voice â€Å"Nothing my better half left me a note to express that to Frank Carter.† â€Å"Stay there we will come and get you† â€Å"Ok† In the interim Andrea was approaching finish of the bomb â€Å"How is it going† asked Lisa

The Unusual Details About Philosophy Essay Topics Ethics That Some People are not Aware Of

The Unusual Details About Philosophy Essay Topics Ethics That Some People are not Aware Of Discipline is also significant in a business and moral philosophy offers guide lines on how employees ought to be disciplined. As any other essay, philosophy work has its features and peculiarities that should be taken into consideration when you want to receive the top-notch excellent work. Moral philosophies are extremely significant in any business choice. Therefore they are essential for every leadership in a business in order to make wise business decisions. It is preferable to include fewer ideas than a lot of those. There are lots of things to consider and most importantly, is the trustworthiness of the service you decide to use. If you're looking for the best quality persuasive speech topics for writing your college speech then take a look at the next list. These remarks, even though they won't guarantee an excellent paper, should help you decide where best to direct your efforts. What is Really Happening with Philosophy Essay Topics Ethics You'll be evaluating your thesis with all feasible explanations. The range of paragraphs depends on the duration of the essay. You'll be outlining the fundamental structure of your essay with the suggestions and notes. Our primary purpose is to be certain that we address all of your essay writing needs. The philosophy of life essay examples which you will find should help you choose the ideal choice for yourself. Normally, personal viewpoint is offered in conclusion and supports the major idea of the essay. If you are searching for reliable Philosophy essay writing help online, you want to put an order with us. Avoid long quotations, unless it is totally essential. In the procedure for philosophy essays writing, a writer ought to pay attention to numerous issues. It is essential for the writer to figure out a very good branch of study within philosophy. The essay needs to have a singular idea that's reflected throughout the essay. It should be revised to ensure that it is coherent with regard to the outline for philosophy essay. When you would like a well-written essay that resembles the example philosophy essay on the website, you want to understand how to do it. Ensure your essay has the necessary philosophy essay outlining as directed To earn a superior philosophy essay, the following ought to be considered. If you're studying existentialism and have an exam coming up, the best method to get ready for it is to compose plenty of practice essays. It's very annoying for graduates to think of new speech topics every other moment. These essays need a sufficient amount of research and a better comprehension of things which are happening around us. There are various kinds of philosophical questions. In order to make a great philosophy paper, it's first vital to consider very carefully and clearly about your topic. You're able to get answers to any philosophy questions you've got. As a consequence of which you'll have the ability to hold the interest of the people for a lengthy time on a distinctive topic. You can find with a topic which examines the function of ethics in our society since it's today. The politicians that are taking education relation decision ought to have a neutral knowledge in the area. There are a few politicians who serve the aim of a role model but their voice becomes suppressed because of their low fraction. The Debate Over Philosophy Essay Topics Ethics In actual fact, it's almost sure that the fortress approach won't lead to a very great paper. Including weaker ones only provi des the impression which you're not able to tell the difference between them both. The structure permits the writer to fix the order where the terms ought to be discussed. Understand that everyone has their own freedoms of expression and they're right to believe the way that they do. The Advantages of Philosophy Essay Topics Ethics Preparing an initial draft will be a lot simpler if you have planned everything and read all essential materials. Your thesis should convey your principal idea and your whole paper should support it using a very clear focus. This is, obviously, dependent on the first instructions. Defend your thesis by means of an overview of the key points. A research paper needs to have a strong thesis that could help it become clear to the reader what's the focus point of the paper. As with any other writing assignment, a philosophy paper can be challenging in case you don't understand how to go with this. Before you commence writing your research paper, make sure that you've got a clear idea about what you're going to be discussing. If you wish to earn a superb philosophical paper, then here is a superb structure you could use.

The Holocaust During World War II - 1356 Words

During World War II, the world witnessed unspeakable acts of violence, particularly that of the Holocaust. The Holocaust was a mass genocide primarily of, but not limited to, the Jewish population in Germany, and other countries that were controlled by Germany. From 1941 to 1945, the Jews were targeted and methodically murdered because of Hitler’s views of his Utopian society made up of an Aryan a race. Hitler fought to create this society through creating an anti-Semitic movement, his motivation and thirst for power and through his rituals of violence used to purge society of the undesirable races. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of the Jewish people, has been prominent throughout history, even long before the Holocaust during World War II. Stemming from biblical times, the Jews were often ridiculed for wanting to remain a separate religion, refusing to adopt the belief system of the non-Jewish community (ADL.org). Not only that, the early Christians, both Catholic and Protestan t believed that the Jews were single-handedly responsible for the death of Jesus Christ (â€Å"Anti-Semitism: The Longest Hatred†). Though anti-Semitism has been featured throughout history, the term was not coined until 1879 by the radical German writer and politician, Wilhelm Marr (Chanes, xvii). This term was originally used to replace â€Å"Jew-hatred,† which was associated with the Christian hostility toward the Jews; the term had become outdated and did not fit the â€Å"modern, pseudoscientific, nationalist,Show MoreRelatedThe Holocaust During World War II1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust was an event that took place from 1933 to 1945 in Germany. During this time, Adolf Hitler was in charge, resulting in the prejudice actions that are well written in history. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee, but found few countries wanting to take them in. Eventually, under Hitler’s leadership, some 6 mill ion Jews were murdered during World War II. In this time period the Nazi’s waged a war against the Jews and other races thatRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II927 Words   |  4 Pagesshaped the world into what it is today. With the passing of yet another Veterans Day, people were reminded of the extraordinary sacrifices made by ordinary men and women who were unfortunate enough to have lived during times when their nations were at war. Many ordinary citizens lost their lives as a result of the war, just as soldiers did. While some survivors simply lived out their post war lives, others survived and influenced the world. One person who survived the atrocities of the Holocaust duringRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe holocaust was the genocide of European Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II. It lasted from 1933 to 1945, as a horrible time in history. Approximately 11 million people were killed, and almost 1 milli on of those killed were innocent children. It is well-known that there were a number of survivors, yet not many people know exactly how these people survived. The most known thing about the holocaust are the concentration camps. A concentration camp is defined by, â€Å"a place whereRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust is well known around the world, and many people do not realize the devastation and the technology that was used in that time. What we knew before was that the Holocaust resulted in the death of six million jews, and was controlled by the Nazi Regime. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany and came up with the Final Solution, a plan to exterminate all the people of Jewish faith or race during World War II. This then brought in the concept of concentration camps. Concentration campsRead MoreThe During World War II And Holocaust897 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many questions as to why the Nazis decided to do what they did to the Jews, gays, and ill during World War II and Holocaust. Nazis after the Holocaust had been interviewed by psychologists, such as Leon Goldensohn and p sychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich, to see and try to better understand the reasons behind Fascism and why these acts were performed. Leon Goldensohn was an American psychiatrist and also one of the prison psychiatrists at Nuremberg that helped perform the interviews on prisonersRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn his novel, Night, Elie Wiesel recounts the horrific experiences that he faced as a survivor of the Holocaust during World War II. The following passage presents the impossible struggle to maintain a decent quality of life in the face of war: We received no food. We lived on snow; it took the place of bread. The days resembled nights, and the nights left in our souls the dregs of their darkness. The train rolled slowly, often halted for a few hours, and continued. It never stopped snowing. We remainedRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II901 Words   |  4 Pagesour elders, because they have authority over the world since they have been here the longest. We were raised to comply with the demand of someone who had authority over us. According to Patricia Werhane (1), â€Å"In the early1960’s Stanley Milgram undertook his noteworthy study of human obedience to authority. Puzzled by the question of how otherwise decent people could knowingly contribute to the massive genocide of the Holocaust during World War II, Milgram designed an experiment that sought to causeRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1934 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Holocaust during World War II, which not only stimulated religious unrest in E urope, but also the rest of the world. With the German Dictator, Adolf Hitler, and his rise to power in 1933, a period of despair and fear for the Jewish population throughout Europe erupted. As Adolf Hitler commenced his plan to build the perfect German race, he set forth the motion of a mass extinction of the Jewish population, known as The Holocaust. The Holocaust lasted from 1933 to the end of World War II and hadRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1720 Words   |  7 PagesIrania De La O Grade 8 The Holocaust Eleven million innocent people died and many did not know what they did or why it was happening to them (Rice 11). The Holocaust happened because of the Germans after World War 2 thought that the reason that their economy was falling down was because of Jewish people. The Holocaust followed the Ladder of Prejudice is a started with speech and moved its way up to â€Å"The Final Solution† also known as extermination. Hitler did not start with killing Jews. He killedRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi Regime During World War II Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Second World War is seen by the modern world to be the most famous war that shaped the communities of the world today, but for the Jewish community in Europe at the time this was the war to fight for their own existence. The Holocaust was the systematic extinction of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War 2. Of the millions of Jewish people that lost their lives there were many that did resist and did escape the Nazism and Nazi racial policy that was conducted on the

The Multiple Golden Globe Winning Political Drama, House

The multiple Golden Globe winning political drama, House of Cards, has recorded a mass following through its depiction of modern-day, American politics. In this show, the more manipulative, the greedier and the more ruthless the better. The perception of a corrupt government has been overly exaggerated in House of Cards through their portrayal of ruthlessness and determination in the main character, Frank Underwood, and his associations with others. The marriage of Claire Underwood and Frank Underwood is the most important relationship between two people in House of Cards as it shows how the pursuit of power affects each other. Although their outward appearance gives a â€Å"presentation of a united front, together with their typically devious†¦show more content†¦The first competitive relationship the audience is introduced to is the main character, Frank Underwood, to the newly elected president and after the president’s Chief of Staff tells Frank â€Å"We are not nominating you to Secretary of State [a promise made during the president’s election] †¦We need you to stay in Congress†, Frank becomes infuriated and immediately resign to taking down their opposition at all costs (Episode 1). This becomes a common theme for almost all other interactions in the show and most of the time, the power couple of Frank and Claire end successful in their endeavors however long-term or difficult they are and no matter the cost to others. It is not until season three, when Frank comes through on his promise of revenge and they do not stray from going above and beyond; President Walker resigns due to forthcoming impeachment after years of manipulation and betrayal from the Congressmen who he naively chose to misguide. Through the constant pursuit of power, the Underwood’s relationship has twists and turns. Frank Underwood’s relationship with Zoe Barnes was a mutually beneficial one until Frank deemed she was getting too close. This involved sex for professional gain and the affair told Claire by Frank which demonstrates the level of honesty and respect for each other’s needs Frank and Claire share. Frank and Claire â€Å"continues aShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesattribution but journalists †¢ E.g. Cover page of economist: President Obama at oil spill (cut a lonely figure: portrays the multitude of problems faced by America and his helplessness in coming up with solutions): Photoshopped †¢ Inherent bias/political slants †¢ E.g. Fox news channel headed by Republican supporters often portray Democrats in a negative light. Fox’s anchorman compared the logo of the recent nuclear technology forums, approved by President Obama, with the Muslim crescent, accusingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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Dance music arrivedRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pages................................................................ 75 Spiritual Worship ..................................................................... 75 Purpose of the Services and Meetings of the Church ............... 75 Reverence for the House of Worsh ip ........................................ 75 Children to Be Taught Reverence ............................................ 76 Decorum and Quietness in the Place of Worship ..................... 76 Arrangements for Church Meetings.........Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagescompanies renew and sustain those factors in the face of the business slowdowns and major fluctuations that challenge the longterm continuation of profitable earnings? As we continue to experience the twenty-first century’s economic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will be the effect of theRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesfor example, your industry analysis will yield different conclusion s depending on what industry you determine. STEP 2 GENERAL A N A LY S I S ENVIRONMENT Analyse the six generic elements – economic, sociocultural, global, technological, political/legal and demographic – and work out what the important facts are. There may be many issues and facts in each element, but you put down only the important ones. 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Employment Relations in France & Denmark-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Compare and contrast the role that the state plays in the system of employment relations in France with the role that the state plays in the system of employment relations in Denmark. Answer: Recently, many researchers have committed themselves to investigating and looking for a detailed conclusion on how various nations coordinate with the public service boards in recruitment and maintenance of employees. This provides clear evidence that the public service labor relations are an important body which is highly recognized than any other sector in most of the states (Milner, 2012). It is also evident that employees do not possess equal bargaining powers for their rights and thus they are always limited to carry industrial actions such as strikes than the private sector workers (Bryson, 2011). Regardless of less or more collective bargaining power possession of rights, employees who work in the same field of specification team up and form trade unions which fight for their exploited rights whenever such case occurs. This trade union spirit is mostly found with the public servants as compared to those who work in the private sector (Wagner Refslund, 2016. The primary reason why civil servants form these trade unions is the fact that they believe that they have always remained marginalized and instead of the government handling them as influential people, they neglect them hoping to find the assigned duties performed excellently. What the government expects most from the public servants is total cooperation and maximum commitment regardless of how they treat them and also their remuneration. This is a belief of many of the civil servants in most of the countries. Public service employment conditions of the public sector are always very different compared to those of the industry, and that's why civil servants have the highest probability and always prone to industrial actions such as strikes and public demonstrations through their trade unions (Damesin, 2009). Denmark is better off when compared to France in terms of employees protection Act. The industrial relations are more favorable at Denmark that in France Authority relationship between the government and the civil servants is practiced in most of the countries, France being one of the highly dominated countries by this kind of relationship Laroche (2016). The public civil service system is governed and operated under four civil service laws. The combination of these services forms a civil service statute. The rights and responsibilities of the workers are contained in this law. The statute also gives the three fundamental laws which govern the workers in their day to day activities while working for the government (Due Madsen, 2008). The law which rules the rights of the public state employees (la Fonction Publique de Letat), those employees located in regional or local government basements (la Fonction Publique territoriale) and those civil servants who work in the hospitals, specifically the nursing staff (la function public hospitaliere) (Mainland 2010). In the case of Denmark, it has been an opinion for all that the level of collective bargaining power of the public employees is very high. This was estimated to be about 90% of the total coverage by the Danish ministry of Labor. Just like in France, trade union is also highly practiced in Denmark with the public servants claiming to be neglected by the government, more so when it comes to remuneration (Laroche, 2016. According to studies carried out by different statisticians, it is evident that 52% of the servants under private sector have been covered by the collective bargaining agreement which is entirely different case to that of France since a minimal number of private workers has been included in the accord (Scheuer, Steen, Collective Bargaining Coverage and the Status Divide: Denmark, Norway and the United Kingdom Compared). Initially, there was no private worker involved. They believe that the low-level of bargaining power is brought about by the poor or weak organizational structure of the staff and they have discouraged it Ibsen (2016). In France, the civil service board is the determinant factor and also the most powerful organ in the sector of employment, salaries, and remuneration of various workers. It offers decrees which should be adhered to by the employees. The central principle of the French state recruitment and employment panel is that all the public staff members in whichever field have a civil service status Milner (2012).It is the obligation of the state to determine and set the various salaries for their workers such that if the employees may not feel comfortable with the amount, the best option is to quit and not comprise or negotiate with the government agencies. This has been among the leading drivers leading to the formation of different trade unions which fight for the rights and needs of the neglected (Rosemain, 2013). Civil service board in Denmark is very highly recognized, just like in France but not because of its stubbornness and ability to stress or exploit the workers but it's because it is made to fight for the rights of the employers. Employees are treated like human beings and with a lot of sympathies and for this reason, there is no enmity or grudge between the private sector worker, public servants and the government (Milner Mathers, 2013). This is evidenced by the inclusion of about 52% of the private employees in the collective bargaining agreement which is not the case in France where the public servants believe that they have been neglected and all the credits directed to the private workers. All the relations governing labor in France are organized under a very highly institutionalized system. The system is composed of different commissions which join through an unofficial a collective bargaining system influenced much by politics and which the salaries and remunerated system is always a subject of negotiation. Through the trade unions, the government loosened their stand to allow salary negotiations to allow smooth running and a better relationship with the workers. This was agreed as early as from 1968 through an agreement called the protocol Oudinot between the government and the trade unions. Currently in France now there is no any particular arrangement of salaries and remuneration except that of 1968, so it is a bit difficult to conduct another agreement under whichever scope Thomas (2016). In Denmark, it is the responsibility of the government in collaboration with the workers to come up with the governing relations which cater and recognize the welfare of every party. Salaries are distributed according to the task done by the employee and not as per the government setting and wishes. There is the existence of joint commissions which work under formal conditions with a lot of transparency targeting to encourage their employees, retaining them as well as welcoming the new entrants in the industry. One thing in common between the Denmark and French employment systems is that under whichever circumstances, salaries and remuneration of employees is a subject to negotiation though it doesnt mean that what the trade unions fight for is always given to them. When it comes to the issue of flexibility and level of employment protection, the France government is characterized by high level of job creation and protection as compared to the different case of Denmark where the security level of employees is low Hansen (2013). In the event of workers compensation in the event of injury or death at the workplace or while on duty, France is marked with low level and neglect of employment compensation which is not the case in Denmark where we have a very high level of set-off. Another thing is that in terms of the consequences in relation to various types of flexibility and creation of different job opportunities, Denmark takes the lead with a noticeable high level of numerical flexibility and also having a very high level of job creation which is entirely the opposite of the case in France where the numerical flexibility is very low as well as the job creation level. Flexicurity on both macro and micro level is also a comparison element when it comes to the roles played by these governments in the employment of workers. It is well known that the labor markets don't constitute of only one employee or employer, but they represent more than individual staff and employers respectively. This is only evidenced in the case of Denmark as opposed to other nations (Watson, 2017. The overall systems of the national industrial relations are acted upon by the trade unions, associations of employers and some of the governmental agencies as well which is not the case in France. Trade union density at Denmark is at 74 percent while that at France is only 10 percent. It is evident that the overall organizational characteristics when compared to these two nations, everything is different. In the case where Denmark apply the Ghent system as an unemployment benefits system about trade unions, nothing like that appears in the French system of unemployment. The other major difference is that of the fundamental orientation in labor market regulation was for the Denmark nation it is based on collective agreements which are not the case in France where they base it on legislative matters. Among the characteristics with relationship to the Danish system of enterprise work, is the existence of unions which fight for the rights of the marginalized and in one way or another they have been able to conquer many battles and remain the epitome of success in their endeavors (Burroni Keune, 2011). As much as the rights of the workers are concerned, the trade unions in collaboration with the employee's welfare associations join hands in defending their rights. This is a different case in France since each association and trade union works independently though they are all geared towards achieving a similar goal (Rose Pineau, 2016. In Denmark, the major players in the industrial relations system are the labor market parties, but in France, the main actors and decision makers, as well as the key contributor in the whole sector, is the government. This means that the French government has the final say on matters concerning the workers' salaries and remunerations. The planning system in France is highly formal, and thus the managerial systems of work, authority, and power are very easy to find in the system. This is not the case in Denmark as the whole planning process seems to be less formal because all the stakeholders must be involved in commending and making decisions in every single step taken in the progress of the workers. Instead of following the simpler procedures applied by the French, Danish work is ruled by a various robust code of conducts which are enhanced and acquired during training sessions of the employees and also during the apprenticeships (Trampusch, 2010). Skilled workers in Denmark also have an excellent and significant view of the unions as they see them as the stewards for their survival as well as the fighters of their rights as opposed to the French employees who argue that the trade unions in collaboration with the government work towards exploiting them by giving a lot of work for little pay. In the management of both micro and small enterprises sectors, the employment by the government in the case of Denmark has these standards and codes being a craft- based and not firm-based (Auer, 2010. This is an indicator that the firm has little or other insufficient rights in employment and remuneration of workers. This is a fully pledged duty of the government, but still, there must be various consultations with the employees and the firm management because the way of ruling and execution of functions is informal (Adler-Nissen, 2012). Here the information flows easier from one department to another since transparency is exercise and every party is free to ask questions for various clarifications. On the other hand, the management standards of micro and small enterprises in France are a firm based where the firm will perform its duties independently after which the laws under the government may approve or disapprove the decisions (Wagner Refslund, 2016. To some extent, we can con clude that the rights of the workers in both Denmark and France are somehow limited although in Denmark they are a bit simpler than those of the French employees. In Denmark still, the larger firms are accredited with higher collective bargaining agreements as opposed to small enterprises. According to the way of ruling and recognition, the Danish mostly emphasize the size of the business before distribution of the bargaining power. This just means that SMEs have very little collective bargaining agreement powers as compared to larger firms (Damesin Denis, 2005). Contrary in the French nation, there are no boundaries or any jurisdiction in the rights and bargaining powers of the employees, may it be from the small enterprises or the larger firms (Bryson, Forth, Laroche, 2011. All the staff are taken as equal and in possession of very little rights. No matter the size or the sector a firm is in, for the French government and remuneration department these are just but equal regarding employee treatment. In conclusion, it is evident that the system of the workplace representation applied in whichever institution is of great importance and led to either success or failure of the entire enterprise. Employees are the most important people in every organization and they should be treated with a lot of respect and should not be exploited in whichever way. In Denmark there has been a tradition of the trade unions representing the rights of the workers to the government and this has helped the employees improve in their standards due to this kind of unity as opposed to the French system where even after they form organizations to fight for their rights, they still feel neglected as the government doesn't give them time to express their needs. No matter the type of employees the government has, there should be recognition for what they cannot be compared to other activities. A motivated employee will always commit themselves towards achieving the company goals and objectives. They are the de terminant factors of either the success or failure of any thriving organization. References List Employment relations in France Bryson, A, Forth, J Laroche, P 2011, Evolution or revolution? The impact of unions on workplace performance in Britain and France, European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 171187. Damesin, R Denis, J 2005, SUD trade unions: the new organizations trying to conquer the French trade union scene,' Capital Class, 86, pp. 1737 Gumbrell-McCormick, R Hyman, R 2006, Embedded collectivism? Workplace representation in France and Germany, Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 473-491. Laroche, P 2016, Employment relations in France,' in GJ Bamber, RD Lansbury, N Wailes CF Wright (eds), International and comparative employment relations: National regulation, global changes, 6th ed, Allen Unwin, Crows Nest. Mehaut, P 2005, Reforming the training system in France, Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 303317. Milner, S 2012, Towards a European labor market? Trade unions and flexicurity in France and Britain, European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 219-234. Milner, S Mathers, 2013, Membership, influence, and voice: a discussion of trade union renewal in the French context,' Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 122-138. Rose, M Pineau, E 2016, Protests force French labor reform retreat,' Australian Financial Review, 16 March, p. 9. Rose, M Melander, I 2016, French leaders ram through labor reform,' Australian Financial Review, 12 May, p. 12. Rosemain, M Viscusi, G 2015, Daimler tries to kill French 35-hour law, Australian Financial Review, 14 August, p. 30. Tapia, M Turner, L 2013, Union campaigns as countermovements: mobilizing immigrant workers in France and the United Kingdom British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 601-622. Thomas., A 2016, "The transnational circulation of the organizing model' and its reception in Germany and France," European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 317-333 Watson, G 2017, Can labor law reform be made popular?, Australian Financial Review, 29 June, p. 43. Employment relations in Denmark Auer, P 2010, Whats in a name?: The rise (and fall?) of flexicurity, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 371-386. Burroni, L Keune, M 2011, Flexicurity: A conceptual critique, European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 7591. Due, J, Madsen, JS 2008, The Danish model of industrial relations: Erosion or renewal?, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 513-529. Gooderham, PN, Navrbjerg, SE, Olsen, KM Steen, CR 2015, The labor market regimes of Denmark and Norway one Nordic model?, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 166-186. Hansen, NW Mailand, M 2013, Public service employment relations in an era of austerity: The case of Denmark, European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 375389. Hassel, A 2009, Policies, and politics in social pacts in Europe,' European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7-26. Ibsen, CL 2016, The role of mediation institutions in Sweden and Denmark after centralized bargaining,' British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 285-310. Ibsen, CL 2016, Making sense of employer collectivism The case of Danish wage bargaining under recession,' Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 669687. Ibsen, F, Hgedahl, L Scheuer, S 2013, Free riders: the rise of alternative unionism in Denmark, Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 44, no. 5-6, pp. 444-461. Ilsoe, A 2012, The flip side of organized decentralization: company-level bargaining in Denmark,' British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 760-781. Ilsoe, A 2016, From living wage to living hours the Nordic version of the working poor,' Labour and Industry, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 40-57. Madsen, JS, Due, J Andersen, SK 2016, Employment relations in Denmark,' in GJ Bamber, RD Lansbury, N Wailes CF Wright (eds), International and comparative employment relations: National regulation, global changes, 6th ed, Allen Unwin, Crows Nest. Mailand, M 2010, The common European flexicurity principles: How a fragile consensus was reached,' European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 241-257. Trampusch, C 2010, Co-evolution of skills and welfare in coordinated market economies?: A comparative historical analysis of Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland', European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 197-220. Wagner, I Refslund, B 2016, Understanding the diverging trajectories of slaughterhouse work in Denmark and Germany: A power resource approach,' European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 335-351.

America Today VS. Brave New World essays

America Today VS. Brave New World essays In the novel, Brave New World we learn about two civilizations that seem corrupt to our current capitalistic American society. Americans reading this story may not be able to fathom the two societies with such different rules and ideologies than our own. This idea in itself sheds light on a similarity between our society and those in the book. As stated previously we are not able to understand and embrace the cultures of other people even those just living across the ocean from us. Similarly neither of the two societies described by Huxley have the capability to comprehend and accept the others culture. This was demonstrated in one instance when Linda of the World State is lost and forced into living on the reservation. Once there she continues in her cultural habit of participating in sexual activities with many different men. The people of the reservation cannot accept her culture and in turn ostracize her from their community. There are many other ideas presented by Huxley that show a similarity between American society and that of the World State. One such idea was that of cloning. At the time this novel was written the concept of cloning seemed far-fetched, but with current scientific practices coning has become a reality. With this reality has come the realization of what could be done with cloning and genetic enhancement. This novel clearly enlightens us to the possibilities. Parallel cultural influences between American society and that of the World State also exist. Presently science and technology are a powerful and driving influence in our life, as they were in the World State. In the New World State soma a scientifically created drug is a symbol of powerful influences. It is a drug that relaxes the mind and body. Everyone uses it as a daily ritual. By the end of the novel it is described as, Christianity without tears-thats what soma is (162). It makes everyone peaceful, like a good vacation. In the W...

The awaited sex and the city film The WritePass Journal

The awaited sex and the city film Introduction The awaited sex and the city film IntroductionResearch problemLiterature research two (a): What writers say about Sex and the CityConclusion ReferencesRelated Introduction In 2008 the awaited Sex and the City film was first displayed to millions of thirty-something women across the world. The film was produced, based on the success of the television show that saw four different women celebrate and discuss topics such as friendship, singledom, sex and fashion. The times writer Kate Spicer suggested Sex and the City is a demographic for the way women can break away from old traditions. â€Å"It’s for a new Russian demographic – women trying to break away from old Asian ideas about the man being the main provider . . . struggling with the problems equality and freedom can bring (Spicer, 2008). For me, Sex and the City may have highlighted areas of celebration for women. However, it has also highlighted areas of negativity, such as the discussion of the feminist and the women’s actions being exploited negatively. The purpose of this Dissertation is to first develop a better understanding about the nature of feminism, according to researchers in the field, look at contemporary sources. The second is to compare this to what other writers have said about Sex and the City, concentrating on the research done by other writers of Sex and the City. I will then complete my research by trying to understand the issues that focus around the professional gendered work place, I believe this will give me enough structure to be able to research both Sex and the City films. Below, I have presented my Hypothesis, that will be followed by my main objectives, goals and research questions and a brief structure of the dissertation. The back ground of the key issues surrounding my Hypothesis are;   1) Sex and the City has many critics, this is due to the nature of the characters that take risks. Unfortunately this has caused the audience to segment. Are the view of feminists the same? 2) Socially, the television series highlighted areas of lust for women, did the contemporary thirty something women of the show change the way the protagonist acts? 3) Has Sex and the City ‘swayed’ into another area of pop culture? The people who will most value the research are people that talk and share ideas about contemporary feminism issues. The approach I am using is more direct – looking at the scholars, and comparing core texts to a fiction adaptation that is more popular. If Sex and the City display an encouraging sense of feminism, then the younger generation will be able to understand more about the roots of feminism. Chapter two is the Literature Review and is the account on what has been published on the topic. I will focus on primary research and articles accredited by scholars and researchers. Here I will be able to synthesize results into a summary of what is already known, identify areas of controversy in the literature and formulate questions that need to further research. Chapter three is the Research Methodology and this section simply explains what I have done, why I did it, where I did it and with whom I did it. Each of my data collection will be described in detail in justification to my research questions. Chapter four is the Analysis of my results and presentation of the data I captured. This will either be by comment from observation. Here I will be discussing my hypothesis and whether or not that tests was confirmed or rejected. Chapter five is the Discussion of the results which will overview my research. My final chapter will be my Bibliography which ill contain a complete listin g of all the materials (journal, website, books and magazines) that I have cited in the body of the dissertation. Research problem Feminism is a term that is often heard to explain women’s liberations in the 1970’s. In relates to problems connected with society and sexism. For the purpose of this literature review I want to find out how feminism first relates to Sex and the City, then discuss the different types, if any of feminism hopefully this will underpin any sub problems. Firstly, the idea that feminism is a single coherent view point is not true. Feminists are different and throughout history the way in which feminism has been treated varies by ‘waves’. These waves according to many scholars fall at certain points in time, which are most relevant? I noticed that many scholars used terms to present the way in which SATC is illustrated towards it’s audience. In an era of ‘must see television’ Negra believes that, â€Å"The series’ highly ambivalent investment in a notion of ‘post feminism,’ a cultural catchphrase most often used to express a widely-shared assumption that feminism is no longer desirable or viable† (Negra, 2004). According to Baxter, â€Å"The lives of four white, middle class, thirty something, female friends negotiating the consumer and mating culture of New York, challenged former media representations of femininities† (Baxter, 2000). Kuruc suggests, â€Å"Despite its reputation as innovative programme that allows women a ‘distinct’ voice with a male dominated society, ‘Sex and the City,’ reinforces gender based stereotypes with the use of fashion† (Kuruc, 1998). Arthurs suggests, â€Å"Sex and the City can be compared to previous examples of post feminist, women cantered drama produced for prime time network television in the US. These dramas that in the wake of the second wave feminism selectively deploy feminist discourses as a response to cultural changes in the lives of their potential audience that is addressed to white, heterosexual, and relatively youthful and affluent† (Arthurs, 2003). Thus, each problem refers to a different matter surrounding feminism. These problem broadly are ‘Post Feminism’ – what is this?, Stereotypes and representations of women and discourses show the cultural changes in society for women. For my second review of literature I will focus my discussion based on the results of the previous data. The earliest account of feminism, according to many scholars is the first wave of feminism. The First Wave refers to the middle of the 19th century, in a time when gender equality was politically perceptible. For women of this era, â€Å"the unjust political standings of the governments officially mandated inequalities helped produce a women’s movement† (Krolokke, 2005). Arguably, in the UK and the USA there were many feminist women who helped shape the movements who eventually went onto win reforms in education, healthcare, workplace   and see women’s rights to the vote. Writer (2007) suggests these people were; â€Å"Mary Wollstonecraft, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Olympia Brown, and Helen Pitts; there are countless more. Most people consider the first-wave to have ended when the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed, granting women the right to vote† (Writer, 2007). However, Krolokke suggests that the in-equality for women goes fu rther back than the 19th century. â€Å"The struggles of bourgeois European women for education and civil rights in the wake of the French Revolution (1789–99)† (Krolokke, 2005.p.2) were equally hard struggles. The First Wave of Feminism arguably is the birth of this feminist debate. However the problems encountered in the first wave were more social problem, rather than the ones that scholars of SATC were talking about. The second wave feminists assert both the equality of both men and women using political and legal forms. They must not be confused for people who dislike men, but as people who envisioned equality in the non-altering views of society. In Whites book ‘Women’s Magazines between 1693 – 1968’, an indication of women’s occupations throughout the industrial revolution (18th and 19th century) represent second wave feminism.   One of Whites most clear example is the illustrious Emily Faithfull who wrote several magazines for women’s freedom of free thinking. â€Å"Emily Faithful was exceptional in actually achieving the establishment of her own printing press† (Davis, 2005). She battle trade unions, she commented on men and women’s job roles in a society driven by men, â€Å"provided opportunities for women in the print industry† (Davis, 2005) and this â€Å"challenged long-term assumptions about the kinds of work women could do† (Davis, 2005). The term feminist during the industrial revolution stood for exclusion, male centered judgment and undervalued for women who experienced work. Faithfuls was a social rebellion in the 18th and 19th century, however her visions on second wave prejudice targeted women as victims of society empowered women on a even bigger social scale. These actions, according to Krolokke suggests, second wave feminism refers to â€Å"the radical feminism of women’s liberation movement of the late 1960s and 70s† (Krolokke, 2005, p.7). Women in the early 1960’s and 1970’s were also subjects to a slaughter of brand and consumer culture that many women saw as, â€Å"victims of oppressive beauty culture† (Krolokke, 2005, p8). They wanted freedom against a patriarchal-commercialized society dominated by men. This made women protest against sexist discrepancies in their everydayness throughout the 19th century. However now with forms such as The Equal Pay Act and the professional status is more equal. Below are examples of the why the US Department of Labour sanctioned many anti-discriminating policies that offer women’s right in a Western society; The Equal Pay Act of 1963 â€Å"Amended the FLSA to prohibit pay discrimination because of sex† (FWS, 2005). â€Å"The Equal Pay Act (1963) required employers to pay men and women equally. Men and women must have equal responsibility, skills and efforts in the same conditions† (FWS, 2005). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 â€Å"This also protects workers against discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in most on-the-job aspects of employment† (FWS, 2005). â€Å"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 It states that employers must recruit for jobs without discrimination, however in a male dominated working world some people could argue that the design of promoting jobs is not sensitive enough. However Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended in 1978, specifically prohibits discrimination because of pregnancy. Employers cannot refuse to employ a woman because of pregnancy or terminate her, force her to go on leave at an arbitrary point during pregnancy, or penalize her because of pregnancy in reinstatement rights including credit for previous service, accrued retirement benefits, and accumulated seniority† (FWS, 2005). Second wave feminists in thetwenty first century tackle more personal obstacles. An example may be when a women is ‘devalued’ by a man due to unequal standings in domestic sphere or in the work place. Spheres that genders occupy have been the focus study of gender constructions through society but the root comes from the way genders are shaped from birth. This is a Marxist view on society and suggests â€Å"sexism is the sole route cause for inequality debate† (Seidman et al, 2006). Seidman et al raises strong arguments on feminism as a social identity. He believes that feminism contrasts the Marx approach of social studies by suggesting â€Å"we are conditioned to act as a certain gender type† (Seidman et al, 2006). His visions of conditioning gender through experience would therefore â€Å"change the nature of how we act through urban society as men and women† (Seidman et al, 2006). According to Krolokke â€Å"The third wave is buoyed by the confidence of having more opportunities and less sexism† (Krolokke, 2005). We understand that women were miss-treated and   victims of the 60s and 70s, could the third wave suggest that they have now reformed? Rockler-Gladen (2007),   suggest   the â€Å"Third Wave focuses on the economic, political, social, and personal empowerment of women. This wave of feminism focuses more on the individual empowerment of a women and less on active nature of social reform. ‘It celebrates women’s journeys to build meaningful identities in the complex contemporary world† (Rockler-Gladen, 2007). We can relate Krolokee’s understanding of third wave feminism to my primary research argued by Jane Arthurs. Thus, Arthurs suggested, â€Å"These dramas that in the wake of the second wave feminism selectively deploy feminist discourses as a response to cultural changes† (Arthurs, 2003). Often people get confused about the third wave due to the image of feminism that popular culture has constructed. According to Krolokke, this is a â€Å"one-sided portrayal†Ã‚   (Krolokke, 2005, p.16). Thus, third wave feminists have certain characteristics. They ‘encourage women to explore sexual options and express themselves in whatever ways they feel comfortable’ (Suite101, 2010), â€Å"celebrate diversity† (Suite101, 2010) â€Å"invite women to be to be angry, aggressive, and outspoken† (Suite101, 2010) but overall â€Å"third wave feminists like to think of themselves as survivors, not victims† (Suite101, 2010). Therefore does SATC promote women in the sense of third wave feminism? To an extent the literature is also suggesting the third wave often celebrates the second waves achievements. Sex and the City if often referred to as forum for feminist discussion because it is structured round four middle class women who relate to political, individual and socialistic problems. The demographic that Arthur recognises suits Krolokke’s ideas that the media has a â€Å"one-sided portrayal†Ã‚   (Krolokke, 2005, p.16) of feminism. However, Negra suggests, â€Å"that feminism is not about the state of one women’s suffrage, it is a lot wider† (Negra, 2004). For example, the ideal demographic for SATC is a women   from a   white middle class background. She is a victim of feminism because she is undervalued solely because she is a women, when she attends a interview that she does not get because she is not a man. This is considerably different to someone from Africa, who’s bases for women’s rights are because they’re children cannot go to school. Thus, there are differences in feminism, that come from different geographical backgrounds. Therefore there is a more universal objectives for many third wave feminists who â€Å"challenge notions of universal womanhood and articulate ways in which groups of women confro nt complex intersections of gender, sexuality, race, class and age related concerns† (Krolokee, 2005). The Post Feminist feeling of today stems from popular culture according to many scholars. It is apparent that many writers suggest that television shows such as Ally McBeal (1997-2002), Designer Women (1986 – 1993) and Zena Warrior Princess (1995 -2001) are â€Å"texts of post-revolution feminist sensibility† (Gerhard, 2005, p.40). This relates heavily you the way in which Baxter challenges representations of feminism through popular culture, though Lotz’s suggests â€Å"confusion over the terminology many signify one of the key obstacles facing feminist advances at the dawn of the 21st century† (Lotz, 2001, p.1). Is this a problem that faces SATC? Thus, Gerhard suggests â€Å"Lotz’s description of contemporary feminism theory is accurate, her use of the term post-feminism to describe these developments are confusing† (Gerhard, 2005, p.41). Therefore to describe Post Feminism from another approach, by Arthurs or Moseley is the â€Å"converge nce of popular culture and select aspects of feminism organized through revisiting the distinction between feminism and femininity† (Gerhard, 2005, p.41). Therefore looking back at the previous waves and selecting aspects of different series, produced for the empowerment of women that suggests that the characteristics of feminism are no longer there. So we can see that evidently the views upon Post Feminism have a certain notion of female confusion. My discussion refers to the significance of how the term is used because It is played on a synonymous meaning of the third wave but refers to the contemporary term that feminists are no longer needed. To better understand the term, I will find some examples using literature and texts to further discover what is meant; Naomi Wolf’s ‘The Beauty Myth (1991)’ published with the â€Å"backlash against feminism† (Whelehan, 1995, p.216) in the time when ‘Post Feminism’ was coined. â€Å"The oppressive book preceded to surround feminism in particular constraints, however using a new perspective on some old problems for feminism† (Whelehan, 1995, p.216). Wolf argued that the second wave feminism era was full of beauty culture and society struggles and that contemporary issues regarding women’s un finished bodies and influences to get plastic surgery Is brainwashing and is feminism. The counter-acts the idea that ‘Post Feminism’ is needed in today’s society. Thornham suggest, â€Å"More recent writing has been less hostile† (Thornham, 2007). This relates to Brudson (1997) who suggests the term is, â€Å"useful in describing a cultural shift in both discourse and popular representations† (Thornham; Brudson, 1997). This shows a cultural shift in how the term is less represented or radical which relates to Arthurs suggestion that 1) â€Å"Sex and the City can be compared to previous examples of post feminist† (Arthurs, 2003) and 2) using â€Å"discourses as a response to cultural changes in the lives of their potential audience that is addressed to white, heterosexual, and relatively youthful and affluent† (Arthurs, 2003). Thornham’s book is one similar to others regarding Women, Feminism and Media studies that all seem to have similar contemporary views on Post Feminism. Small Summary From selected reading I was able to define the concepts of feminism in regards to SATC. I found out the SATC is a text that not only evaluates the life’s of women, but also stereotypes the old traditions of women. Carrying on my secondary research I will ask the following questions based on surrounding problems that I found above; 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What do other writers believe are the problems surrounding feminism in SATC? 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The previous waves of feminism have taught me that the problems in the modern day are more personal. So, what social problems arise for women in the professional working environment? Literature research two (a): What writers say about Sex and the City A growing aspect of SATC is the demanding battle to keep the sense of the tradition, for women. Because if not kept, then the ideal femininities of feminism, tilt away from the root cause. This is often blamed by emerging programmes, â€Å"the programmes have emerged at a time when young women in Western societies are gaining better educational qualifications, entering the labour market in unprecedented numbers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McRobbie, 2008, p.534). Similar to Arthurs suggestion of cultural change. This relates to ‘hyper feminine’ figures in such television dramas as SATC that often play out a celebratory roles that path and engage with women, in this case influence or promote the post modernist approach of women and work. Hyper feminine characters of SATC   are often noted as a ‘forum’ of sexuality for television   and the feminist movement to thrive from, the women are often seen   ‘in-line with the popular culture’ thus, according to N egra â€Å"pathologize thirty something single women as abject, deviant or deficient† (Negra, 2004, p.4). Therefore the modernist approach is seen as celebratory for women but the post modern approach can some times be miss-leading, tilting away from their common social norms can be seen as negative. However, Kuruc’s idea of using fashion to display the individualities relates heavily to the hyper feminine figure because women who have an interest in clothes who are the typical the demographic for SATC. However, most scholars have shared their views on feminism and the SATC films in many different lights. Baxter suggests that someone who understands the modernist or feminist approach to SATC is someone who â€Å"who has personal and political liberation from male patriarchy† (Baxter, 2009, p.91). He then suggests, somebody who reads SATC   in the light of a post-modernist or Post Feminist â€Å"is someone who see’s life in a is complexity, multiplicity, richness of experience, connections with other s and action based nature of modern life† (Baxter 2009, Butler, 2006; Mills, 2002; Weedon, 1997). Baxter raises the argument that relates to Kuruc’s suggestion, â€Å"various life style identities are polarized in terms of their representations of stereotypical femininity and masculinity, other times multiple versions of gender are celebrated and problematical† (Baxter, 2009, p.94). Thus, we understand   third wave feminists often celebrate the dimi nish of sexism, but the polarization that Baxter mentions shows   how the text SATC, connotes second wave dilemmas. Henry suggests that because of the recent shift in romance and women based television dramas there has been a â€Å"shifting representation of feminism on TV† (Henry, 2004) that has been the cause of popular feminine culture changing in the US. The US was where SATC was most popular, according to Sex and the City user rating is in the top one hundred television series of all time rating at number seventy-six and having just under eleven million viewers each week throughout the series (IMDB, 2010). Looking   into the importance of the media images of sexuality, dramas and films such as Bridget Jones (2001), Ally McBeal (1997-2002) and other anti-feminist texts, has enhanced the sexual freedom of a women. SATC â€Å"embodies what is now referred to as ‘third wave feminism’. During the last decade numerous books, magazines and websites emerged, proclaiming the arrival of feminism’s next generation† (Henry, 2004, p.70). Negra explores the concept taken up after the 9/11 attacks of New York and how recent films since the attacks has made the City, the ideal sensitive place to set a ‘chick flick’. Thus, Negra’s idea was that, films that were once set in the City portrayed women as either â€Å"misguided and troubled† (Negra, 2008, p.54). According to Negra films such as Attraction (1987) and Sleepless in Seattle (1993) â€Å"privatized female work† (Negra, 2008, p.54). The attacks on New York (September 11th 2001) have left the City vulnerable and sensitive, therefore women’s work and profession have become more resourceful in many film and television dramas. This could be blame on the buildings that could â€Å"express singular power† (Negra, 2008, p.52) in a sensitive environment, thus SATC does use the expressions of urban architecture in its series. Kuruc studied the feminist tools of fashion throughout the television series of Sex and the City. She experienced signs of gendering and sexism that relate to the liberal battles women under went. Each character wore different styles of fashions throughout the series is excel their identity for example, business, leisure or style. This apposed to men who were generally seen in suits at work, the women were rarely seen at work relying on an image where women’s best kept occupation lies in marriage. The women seemed to be fine with not working, however three had good jobs, however they never were talked about. It was a sign the feminism meant that economically they were financially stable because they were suited by a male figure. Thus, many liberal or second wave feminists would find this offensive – â€Å"each character produces elements of narrative that symbolize gender† (Kuruc, 1998, p.203). The verdict that many scholars experienced is that, to a degree the c ontemporary cosmopolitan illustration can be read by a modernist and post modernist perspective. Literature research two (b): What are the issues in the gendered professional city? Websites such as The F word have been set up to help encourage young feminists to collectively come together to share ideas, interests and views on different matters to show that â€Å"feminism does exist today† (F –Word, 2010). Feminist writers or educators such as Catherine Redfern (F-Word UK) felt inspired to regularly update their press to thousands of readers each day and find new feminist voices. The F-Word brand themselves as â€Å"contemporary UK feminism† (F-Word, 2010); they are a webzine â€Å"designed to help encourage a new sense of community among UK feminists, and to show the doubters that feminism still exists here† (F-Word). They recently posted an article called The professional masquerade: Women working in corporate finance are expected to adhere to sexist and objectifying dress codes, the story was objectifying the notion that women were still seen as objects (2010). Even though there has been a great implement on the equality of gender in a contemporary city, there has been much research done looking at a women’s visibility in urban environments. â€Å"To most casual observers there is no difference, but according to Booth some work, however attracts less notice, household   and domestic work† (Booth, 1996).. These dynamic factors developed our understanding of today’s labour market and the Industrial revolution shaped jobs for women as we have seen in the second wave of feminism in newly developed cities such as London. The expansion of this meant additional positions for women and new opportunity determined women’s roles shaping the urban environment. New labour had gr eat emphasis on regeneration that would battle social exclusion that looks at women’s experience in urban generation. These are signs of a cosmopolitan city in particular the customs that suburban women have bought to the city such as sensitivity that could argue the need for the policies and reforms suggested earlier. Fawcett Online are a website that aims to close the gap between gender inequality. Research done by Fawcett suggest â€Å"that 72% of the 2010 budget cuts George Osborne proposed, savings will be coming out of women’s pockets† (Fawcett, 2010). Online activists such as Fawcett online are seeking a judicial review of the budget. Thanks to legislations from reforms in 2007, â€Å"the equality act states that public authorities have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination and harassment, and promote equality of opportunity between men and women† (Fawcett, 2010). Fawcett Online were also at the front of the equal pay in the UK published in 2010 as they found â€Å"women working full-time in the UK are still paid on average 16.4% less per hour than men† (Fawcett, 2010). Again Fawcett called upon the government to bridge a gap between them and equality. This relates to Reinardy, who found that â€Å"The stress of women is compounded by family issues, sexism, discrimination and the proverbial glass ceiling that limits professional prosperity† (Reinardy, 2009, p.43). Reinardy’s theory that women are more likely to leave work falls into the category of in-equality at the work place and relates to the gender pay gap. As suggested before there are numerous policies to over come these problems but with so many women leaving work, â€Å"In the U.S in 2005, women accounted for 46.3 percent of the labour force† (Reinardy, 2009, p.42) but â€Å"(25 percent) leaving because of working conditions† (Reinardy, 2009, p.43) i t still seems clear that there is increased pressure for women to work. Bitch magazine (Response to popular pop culture quarterly) are a non-profit feminism magazine that offer a voice to young women who may be influenced by pop culture. It is a chance for women to speak freely about the issues that they want to speak freely about. The website offers more contemporary and political reading, however the majority of the content is based around sexuality, and how or what we should be wearing similar to the issues contemporary feminists the F-Word are discussing. The Women’s Library â€Å"is a cultural centre housing the most extensive collection of womens history in the UK† (London met, 2010). The website is an over view for the Library situated in the Met University. The registered museum dedicated to women of London offers collections on women’s rights such as employment. Books on topics such as equality laws are found, and often loaned out to women to create a wider voice of feminism. In Youth Media Reporter (Issue 6, 2008) Pouncey highlighted areas of bias for women of the seats of Congress. â€Å"In 2007, only 86 of the 535 seats in Congress were held by women – a mere 16.3%† (Pouncey, 2008, p.258). Youth Media Reporter like other non profit magazines are out there to spread a new voice because they believe many young women still get affected by feminism. Feminism according to Pouncey and Youth Media Reporters is â€Å"the lifelong inability to take myself seriously as a worker† (Pouncey, 2008, p.258) that according to my research suggest that they see feminism through the second wave. This statement is part of their ambition to show young women that there are great women role models out there; such as the magazines above, this Youth Media Reporter produce a monthly magazine so they make a more accurate reflection on our 21st century world. SATC was produced for women, however a study showed that in 2007 â€Å"only 15% of behind the scenes talent (directors, producers, writers, cinematographers and editors) on top grossing films in the U.S were women, and the number in fact decreased in the last 10 years† (Pouncey, 2008, p.258). For many contemporary women, the emphasis on culture, in particular film, is delivering mixed messages to women. However, the third wave suggests that through sexuality women can express themselves on a more personal level, it even encourages it. The films director   Michael Patrick King, is gay, a testament of the third wave liberation and the chance for women to accept the sexuality of a man in this circumstance. Thus, when a culture changes, so does the control behind it, many feminist liberators have created means and ways of auctioning and showing support to popular culture in the way of websites, work shops and books. Borda recognizes that the third wave of feminism is not out dated, she believes that this I still a topic of discussion and concerns her topics about the conflict b etween women’s professional and personal identities. She suggests that third wave feminism is misguided and understood wrong, scholars that identified the new wave, were robbed by the thoughts of the media who branded it with the edge of women’s way of getting away from the notion of second wave and what was not complete. Her essay on the Live Nude Girls demonstrates contemporary women’s culture which is â€Å"mainly economic and gender oppression that women continue to face during their daily lives† (Borda, 2009). To summarise this part of my secondary literature review I can see that the demographic for women and work based around the contemporary City relates to Arthurs suggestion again. In the western environment according to Beasley, â€Å"Divides gender into two categories, one being male and the other being female† (Beasley, 2005, p.37). This refers to ‘gendering’ in a contemporary Western society as binary. â€Å"Two categories are not merely regarded as distinct and opposed, they are also put into hierarchy in which one is typically cast a positive and negative† (Beasley, 2005, p.37). Beasley’s argument is understandable and visible to most, the argument relates to gender stereotyping that has led us to believe that â€Å"gender is not neutral, typically this can be seen as sexist in areas such as the work place† (Beasley, 2005, p.40). Beasley evaluated research that he had done on the roles of different genders in urban environments. He found t hat western cultures allocate men and women’s roles, â€Å"Men typically have more of a public involvement, due to work, sports and leisure that are seen as masculine roles. Women have a predominately domestic role in life such as housework, housewife’s and childcare. In a contemporary city this is seen as sexist because both sexes occupy the same space† (Beasley, 2005, p.42). Pringle found that â€Å"corporate managing roles are normally male dominated jobs, while women’s roles are less active, such as secretaries (Pringle, 2005, p.38). This relates to the sexual division of labour, that can be related to the survival instincts of animals. Pringle suggests, â€Å"the hunter is the man and the career and gatherer is the woman† (Pringle, 2005). Pringles irrational debate of women connotes feminism; in today’s post-feminist world some would argue these visions started liberal action for women against society in the late 1960’s and 70â €™s. An interesting point to make clear would be to emphasise how theory related to social studies relates to the way in which SATC is transcribed in reference to the way in which the working women in the professional city is seen. Group dynamics is a topic influenced by many different scholars, thus it fits the nature of the surrounding topic, in particular the Classical Organization Theory. This refers to male power in professional organizations is sometimes known as homosociability. It is a term that illustrates the understandings of the male gender and the â€Å"organisational cultures and ideas of rational decision-making and effective management are overlaid with notions of masculinity† (Ramsay and Parker, 1992). So it is an irrational view of the constructions of a gendered society. There are many gender related theories that are based on a rational view of society. A modern approach one called the Classical Organization Theory, which is based on universal rationality. Max Weber (1864 1920)developed the theory based on bureaucracy, power and control, of basic knowledge through the use of legal authority. His primary goal was to find a way in â€Å"which avoided the corruption, unfairness and nepotism characterizing most 19th century organizations† (HRM, 2010). To succeed that, â€Å"power is principally exemplified within organizations by the process of control† (HRM, 2010). Therefore in the purest form a respect for equality amongst a universal demographic within the workplace was his goal. Weber outlined some main functions that organizations are characterized by, an example according to HRM is; â€Å"a continuous organization of official functions bound by rule† (HRM, 2010). In terms of Male power in the work place, there are often signs of bureaucracy amongst the modern day environment. Gender neutral is many organizations such as the public services are traditionally noted for being irrational. Today, signs of rationality are changing that stigma; policemen and firemen are either becoming officers or rationally sharing the practice of fire or policewomen when needed. From a Liberal Feminists point of view according to Acker (1991), the aims for women in the workplace is ‘empowerment’ and thinks of â€Å"organizations as gender neutral† (Acker, 1991). In terms of a Post Modern feminist approach, one â€Å"recognises that gender and sexuality are constantly at work in organizations† (Acker, 1991) and â€Å"investigates how gender identities are constantly produced in organizations† (Acker, 1991). Thus, Weber’s theory can be criticised by gender as part of our identity and personality. The performance of us as individuals cannot always be played out by norm. Weber’s theory relies on authority and rules that can be broken. Thompson and McHugh (2002) point out that â€Å"their working conditions are conducive to psychological failure. In short, people are treated more as infants than competent human beings† (HRM, 2010).   According to scholars however, this can be the cause of making gender visi ble in the work place. Sexual harassment, gender discrimination and the gender gap are problems n the work force seen each day. Although men and women occupy the same space in many organizations such as work, they are bullied as a minority by a male dominated environment. Following on from the Classical Organizational Theory, is theory based on group space and the diversity of a group. People who function well together to achieve goals are sometimes called in-groups. They produce positive work and use each others strengths to achieve goals. According to many scholars in group dynamics, this is normally formed in the orientation stage of groups. In a work place, â€Å"positive attitudes to in-groups enable people to bolster their self-esteem† (Stainton, 2003). The opposed, however refers to a negative dynamic functions of a group. These groups are called out-groups â€Å"negative attitudes to out-groups allow them to distance themselves from groups who threaten their self-esteem† (Stainton, 2003). Positive attitudes come from individuals in a group that can influence. Based on their personality group individuals can en-force a group to hit targets and manage together. Personality can be positive because many factors can account; the way in which you are brought up can influence your work ethic, drive, social skills and balance. However, negative attitudes come from the same source. Too much work ethic can drive others away, the drive and social skills may vary from others causing other group roles and smaller groups to form. This according to relates to leading scholars Tuckman, Banet and Jones theories about negative cohesions in a group; often Interdependence and Intragroup Conflict can arise. Tuckman developed the four stages of group dynamics that can produce a functioning group. Forming, this according to team building UK is â€Å"Time is spent planning, collecting information and bonding† (TBUK, 2010). The second stage is the most important stage in the group process and the most social ‘storming’, â€Å"Relationships between team members will be made or broken in this phase and some may never recover† (TBUK, 2010) often referred to storming. In many working environments peoples interactions and based on a more professional level, rather than social therefore bonds are often built on a positive nature and develop into negative bonds. However, males with personal sexist issues often express their beliefs in this stage. The third stage ‘norming’ â€Å"tends to be a move towards harmonious working practices with teams agreeing on the rules and values by which they operate† (TBUK, 2010). Therefore the final stage ‘perfor ming’ is based on how well the other groups functions. The work place can cause conflicts in many ways. Women can be victims of homosociability. In reference to the theory, it is obvious how women are diverted by men into out groups; In-groups consisting of males produce negative dynamics in a group, there can be prejudice and sexual discrimination as a cause and research shows that in-groups will try and control out-groups. Referring back to literature research two (a): What writers say about Sex and the City From the film, I found that the encouragement of sexuality and diversity is used on many occasions. In relation to the reading, this is a sign on individual and personal empowerment that many scholars believe is third wave feminism. An example from the film is Samantha. On various occasions Samantha’s mouth gets the better of her. One of the most important scenes is when Carrie and Big are celebrating their engagement dinner when one of Bigs old work friends is being boisterous, talking over Samantha’s speech. Her reaction first of all is to leave it, however after the second occasion she feels the need to tell him to â€Å"Shut up you Jackass†. This is an example of Samantha celebrating unfeminine emotions that wouldn’t have been acceptable in the past. Being loud, angry and outspoken Samantha’s comments relate to the reading in terms of Gladen (2007) social and personal empowerment. This relates to the shifting representation of feminism on TV mad e by Henry (2004), the importance of media images and sexuality is SATC enhances the sexual freedom. This is third wave because scholars believe that these characteristics signify third wave feminism. From the first film, I found that the ladies from SATC represent their own struggles through the forms of sexualized representations of other people. When the ladies attend an auction for a previous wife of a millionaire prince who’s auctioning of her fortune to ‘punish’ him for what he has done to the relationship, the girls are evoked by the struggles that the women went through. This is a metaphor for the way in which Sex and the City viewers and what women of this generation may see as popular culture. As we know, popular culture is a way for third wave feminism to express itself- images of previous feminism that women can relate their personal and identities through it. Thus, it was noted earlier that third wave feminism often celebrates the achievements of the second wave through the consumption of media dramas and television. There are however, some major criticisms of the third wave that can apply to Sex and the City. Sometimes Sex and the City is regarded as not being political enough – as stated by many scholars and Weber in his CO theory. ‘This discourages women from being wider feminists’ (Suite 101, 2010). Sex and the City then, can be criticised for the way in which third wave feminism promoted the well being of the individual and not so much as a society. Female empowerment is seen as negative in Sex and the City. As suggested in the reading the middle class women from the Western society who in Sex and the City have the luxury to spend $50,000 for personal ‘expressive self image’ do not benefit from capitalism in society the same way that a poorer working prostitute in the poorer districts of New York City would. The individual in Sex and the City ‘leads to the promotion of sexualisation for women in society’ (Suite 101, 2010). However Krolokee’s vision of a one sided media represents the third wave encouragements of the film. Therefore the answer to my question earlier: does SATC promote women in the sense of third wave feminism? The answer is yes. This draws us back to the idea of the demographic and the â€Å"notions of universal womanhood† (Krolokee, 2005), in the second film the producers capture a different environment other than New York. When the ladies head to the Middle East they are boycotted by the issues surrounding women and the Burka, Carrie relates to the feminine problems of weight and desire for fast food in humours way suggesting that women will ‘go out of the way of fashion for food’. Thus, the images connotes that the feminist battle is not that wide, well in fact Carries view is less socially weighted. Women of the Western world are not confined by their husbands to wear a Burka, therefore SATC displays something that is very second wave, regarding the politi cal stance. The ladies, while on holiday are also known for having an individual male butler which is a common job for Indian men in the Middle East, however without the support of a wife, the young butlers are at their services of a white-middle class women who is seen as more wealthy and free than this man. She leaves the butler money and the end of the film suggesting that Carrie is a helper to the mans needs, however feminism for the butlers wife is not displayed, the work and social norms of each character is very different from Carrie and SATC’s view on the universal feminist battle. In the Sex and the City films I found that various life style identities are choices by women of Post feminism. In the second film Samantha in particular voices the horror of turning fifty, her forties saw her exploring her sexuality and giving of a good look for women in their forties. However, the debate between beauty culture and feminism is overseen in Sex and the City, it is in fact a great deal of their lives. The sense that women can make their own post revolution choices about what they wear and what beauty enhances they use is their choice. This is often seen in Sex and the City, again when Samantha buys a dress to promote her youth, being told by a youthful figure that I may be to young. She is expressing her post feminist thoughts to the worker, the deeper meaning however relates to the work read about Wolf and oppressed beauty culture. Her views on changing ones self contradicts feminism and is not post feminism, this is a new perspective on the culture of beauty and sugg ests that the choices are post revolutionary but negative reform of feminism. Samantha turning forty to fifty throughout both films I believe is a metaphor for the shift in cultural norms. Thus, a Post Feminist promotes the shift in society and attitudes between men and women, however in Sex and the City the characters lack emotional repress of relationships. Carries disregard for Bigs wants, after work in the First and Second film causes issues that negatively affect their relationship. In the first film she pays no attention to the needs of his marriage that ends up with her admitting that she was wrong. In the second film, her disregard for his feelings about private marriage space ends with her cheating with an old boyfriend, Aiden. This relates to the issues that Thornham noted about Post Feminist discourse. It shows that the term Post Feminist is a term that is less radical and representative of the ideas of feminism, however they do not for fill the gratifications of the other waves. It also relates to the post-revolution feminist sensibility by Gerhard (2005) and argues, Baxter challenges representations of feminism through popular culture, though Lotz’s suggests â€Å"confusion over the terminology many signify one of the key obstacles facing feminist advances at the dawn of the 21st century† (Lotz, 2001, p.1). In which they were right. Wolf argued that second wave culture was full of beauty influences. In relation to Kurucs idea about presenting ourselves as women in a male dominated society is post feminist. For example, Wolfs idea that we currently live in an era full of women who want to change themselves is a post feminist choice made by women. Plastic surgery relates to the way in which the characters use fashion to display their characters as, Wolf noted â€Å"using a new perspective on some old problems for feminism† (Whelehan, 1995, p.216) so we can see that the uses of fashion are ways are post feminist decisions made by the women of SATC. I believe that from what I found in Sex and the City and compared to my literature review that the drama is a perspective of Third Wave feminism. Using sources that I choose from the film, I encounter for many aspects that could argue an un-bias view of Sex and the City. For me the show is Third Wave and based on personal empowerment for the stated reasons above a nd because of the criticisms that also point out the Third Wave perspectives. Overall, I found traits of both types of feminine input into the film. When evaluating the film it is evident that the ways in which the film is Third Wave produce a positive enthuses on women’s feelings. Referring back to literature research two (b): What are the issues in the gendered professional city? Within the film Sex and the City there are occasions that the women are subject to discrimination, proof that it has not been abolished. I found from the Sex and the City film that Miranda is the main subject for feeling undervalued at work, her role as a mother and full time worker relates to thousands of women in the UK today. At the start of the second film she is subject to discrimination that means leaves her feeling undervalued, she eventually quits because she argues back to the masculine figure that dominantly associates with other male figures rather than her, because she is a women. In terms of society today, Fawcett have also published new figures stating that the gender pay gap has decreased by 2.2% over the last year (Fawcett Online, 2010). This shows that male power in the work place is becoming more gender neutral, this represents the state of media culture as Brudson (1997) argues that the state of contemporary political issues are often played out in the shifting dis course of popular media. This issues that surrounded Miranda’s problems for many women relate to Reinardy statement about â€Å"The stress of women is compounded by family issues, sexism, discrimination and the proverbial glass ceiling that limits professional prosperity† (Reinardy, 2009, p.43). The dilemma this arises relates to the CO theory: Weber’s theory relates to rational views on society and in this example Miranda is victim to the process of control over male patriarchy. Amongst other rules and regulations, Miranda like other women in her situation would have the option to make her discrimination visible, however chooses the option to spend more time with her family. The situation she is in is seen from a Third Wave point of view: the aims for empowerment for women in the workplace. This relates to the work recently done by the F-Word who posted the article: The professional masquerade: Women working in corporate finance are expected to adhere to sexist and objectifying dress codes, the story was objectifying the notion that women were still seen as objects (2010). The characters of SATC are able to display these illustrations of real world women who suffer real world social problems like this, as part of being visionaries for other women they also play a big part in contemporary feminism. Luckily, the F-Word and other new technologies enable feminism to be shared quicker and more detailed to more women across the world. In terms of sexuality Carries job as a writer, working for herself is way to express her sexuality which is a trait of third wave feminism. Her job relates to the way in which millions of feminists share views in the real world. Bitch Magazine are a response to popular culture, relating to a chance for women to speak freely about the issues that they want to speak freely about. Carries books all have the titles of real world issues that face relationships of women, as the women’s library in London books are loaned out to women to create a wider voice of feminism. Carries job is very individualistic because she has no constraints of the male dominated work place, unlike her friends she is unaware of the social problems In terms of the debate between the Western environment and the theories surrounding the problems I can initially see that gender is divided into two. These spheres for men and women are becoming more reformed due to the visibility of the issues. Pringles research showed us that â€Å"corporate managing roles are normally male dominated jobs, while women’s roles are less active, such as secretaries (Pringle, 2005, p.38). So the division of labour is seen as negative for women. Conclusion SATC touched on feminist choices, I found that each character promotes individual feminism. The show is used in a Post Feminist tense because the ladies are socially unrestricted. The encouragement of sexuality and diversity, as first was a trait of third wave feminism. Liberal issues were played upon the text and in each film there were experiences of most waves, however as a whole the wider scale of SATC is to promote feminist discourse in a post – revolutionary perspective or post feminism. The writers in SATC believed that the show appealed to a particular demographic, from my results I can see that this is true. The argument between geographical based feminism showed the universal struggles of women around the world, I found ‘lead to the sexualisation of women’ and could be the cause for the one sided portrayal of the media in the Western society. According to many contemporary feminist websites such as the F-Word and Fawcett Online there are different cases of feminism that arise. The concept relating to the waves of feminism in my secondary research is revolution, how feminism has changed throughout history, however has managed to appear in different circumstances within the work place. Even though the work place is a place of managing diversity, a) for the business and b) for the wellbeing of equality there is visibly still certain circumstances that effect the stigma of women and work. Throughout the last months I have been carrying out research based on the films SATC 1 and 2. Whilst doing this I have been collecting results that I think measure up to theory of feminism. Before I started this project, feminism was a term that is misunderstood. Due to my wider understanding of peoples theories and objectives, I am now more aware of the term. References Arthurs, J. (2003). Sex and the City and Consumer Culture. 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